Which type of fungi does Carboxin primarily control in wheat and barley?

Carboxin is a systemic fungicide known for its effectiveness in controlling certain seed-borne diseases in crops like wheat and barley. Its primary mode of action targets specific pathogens, particularly those that are transmitted through the seed.

Embryo-borne loose smut fungi, which are often responsible for significant yield losses in cereal crops, are among the types of pathogens that Carboxin is designed to eliminate or suppress. The action of Carboxin works by disrupting the synthesis of important components within the fungal cells, which ultimately leads to the death of the fungus. Thus, using Carboxin in wheat and barley helps ensure healthier seeds and increased germination success by managing these specific fungal threats.

In contrast, surface-borne pathogens, while they can affect crops, are typically addressed through different methods or treatments since they do not usually reside within the seed embryo. Airborne spores refer to pathogens that are dispersed through the air and would not be specifically targeted by a seed treatment like Carboxin, which is aimed at protecting the seed itself from internal infections. Root nematodes, being a different class of pest altogether, would not be affected by a fungicide, as they are not fungi.

Understanding the specificity of Carboxin in targeting embryo-b